Abstract
Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 102432 |
| Journal | Journal of Environmental Psychology |
| Volume | 99 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Nov 2024 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2024 The Authors
Keywords
- Connectedness to nature scale
- Cross-cultural
- Measurement invariance
- Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA)
- Nature exposure scale
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In: Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 99, 102432, 11.2024.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure and connectedness to natural environments
T2 - An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
AU - Swami, Viren
AU - White, Mathew P.
AU - Voracek, Martin
AU - Tran, Ulrich S.
AU - Aavik, Toivo
AU - Ranjbar, Hamed Abdollahpour
AU - Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju
AU - Afhami, Reza
AU - Ahmed, Oli
AU - Aimé, Annie
AU - Akel, Marwan
AU - Al Halbusi, Hussam
AU - Alexias, George
AU - Ali, Khawla F.
AU - Alp-Dal, Nursel
AU - Alsalhani, Anas B.
AU - Álvarez-Solas, Sara
AU - Soares Amaral, Ana Carolina
AU - Andrianto, Sonny
AU - Aspden, Trefor
AU - Argyrides, Marios
AU - Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R.
AU - Atkin, Stephen
AU - Ayandele, Olusola
AU - Baceviciene, Migle
AU - Bahbouh, Radvan
AU - Ballesio, Andrea
AU - Barron, David
AU - Bellard, Ashleigh
AU - Bender, Sóley Sesselja
AU - Beydaǧ, Kerime Derya
AU - Birovljević, Gorana
AU - Blackburn, Marie Ève
AU - Borja-Alvarez, Teresita
AU - Borowiec, Joanna
AU - Bozogáňová, Miroslava
AU - Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid
AU - Browning, Matthew H.E.M.
AU - Brytek-Matera, Anna
AU - Burakova, Marina
AU - Çakır-Koçak, Yeliz
AU - Camacho, Pablo
AU - Camilleri, Vittorio Emanuele
AU - Cazzato, Valentina
AU - Cerea, Silvia
AU - Chaiwutikornwanich, Apitchaya
AU - Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin
AU - Chambers, Tim
AU - Chen, Qing Wei
AU - Chen, Xin
AU - Chien, Chin Lung
AU - Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit
AU - Choompunuch, Bovornpot
AU - Compte, Emilio J.
AU - Corrigan, Jennifer
AU - Cosmas, Getrude
AU - Cowden, Richard G.
AU - Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila
AU - Czub, Marcin
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AU - Dadfar, Mahboubeh
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AU - Datu, Jesus Alfonso D.
AU - Berbert de Carvalho, Pedro Henrique
AU - Lins de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel
AU - De Jesus, Avila Odia S.
AU - Debbabi, Sonia Harzallah
AU - Dhakal, Sandesh
AU - Di Bernardo, Francesca
AU - Dimitrova, Donka D.
AU - Dion, Jacinthe
AU - Dixson, Barnaby
AU - Donofrio, Stacey M.
AU - Drysch, Marius
AU - Du, Hongfei
AU - Dzhambov, Angel M.
AU - El-Jor, Claire
AU - Enea, Violeta
AU - Eskin, Mehmet
AU - Farbod, Farinaz
AU - Farrugia, Lorleen
AU - Fian, Leonie
AU - Fisher, Maryanne L.
AU - Folwarczny, Michał
AU - Frederick, David A.
AU - Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew
AU - Furnham, Adrian
AU - García, Antonio Alías
AU - Geller, Shulamit
AU - Ghisi, Marta
AU - Ghorbani, Alireza
AU - Gomez Martinez, Maria Angeles
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AU - Hallit, Souheil
AU - Hamdan, Motasem
AU - Handelzalts, Jonathan E.
AU - Hanel, Paul H.P.
AU - Hawks, Steven R.
AU - Hekmati, Issa
AU - Helmy, Mai
AU - Hill, Tetiana
AU - Hina, Farah
AU - Holenweger, Geraldine
AU - Hřebíčková, Martina
AU - Ijabadeniyi, Olasupo Augustine
AU - Imam, Asma
AU - İnce, Başak
AU - Irrazabal, Natalia
AU - Jankauskiene, Rasa
AU - Jiang, Ding Yu
AU - Jiménez-Borja, Micaela
AU - Jiménez-Borja, Verónica
AU - Johnson, Evan M.
AU - Jovanović, Veljko
AU - Jović, Marija
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AU - Pereira Junqueira, Alessandra Costa
AU - Kahle, Lisa Marie
AU - Kantanista, Adam
AU - Karakiraz, Ahmet
AU - Karkin, Ayşe Nur
AU - Kasten, Erich
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AU - Kimong, Patricia Joseph
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AU - Knittel, Joshua
AU - Kohli, Neena
AU - Koprivnik, Mirjam
AU - Kospakov, Aituar
AU - Król-Zielińska, Magdalena
AU - Krug, Isabel
AU - Kuan, Garry
AU - Kueh, Yee Cheng
AU - Kujan, Omar
AU - Kukić, Miljana
AU - Kumar, Sanjay
AU - Kumar, Vipul
AU - Lamba, Nishtha
AU - Lauri, Mary Anne
AU - Laus, Maria Fernanda
AU - LeBlanc, Liza April
AU - Lee, Hyejoo J.
AU - Lipowska, Małgorzata
AU - Lipowski, Mariusz
AU - Lombardo, Caterina
AU - Lukács, Andrea
AU - Maïano, Christophe
AU - Malik, Sadia
AU - Manjary, Mandar
AU - Baldó, Lidia Márquez
AU - Martinez-Banfi, Martha
AU - Massar, Karlijn
AU - Matera, Camilla
AU - McAnirlin, Olivia
AU - Mebarak, Moisés Roberto
AU - Mechri, Anwar
AU - Filgueiras Meireles, Juliana Fernandes
AU - Mesko, Norbert
AU - Mills, Jacqueline
AU - Miyairi, Maya
AU - Modi, Ritu
AU - Modrzejewska, Adriana
AU - Modrzejewska, Justyna
AU - Mulgrew, Kate E.
AU - Myers, Taryn A.
AU - Namatame, Hikari
AU - Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria
AU - Nerini, Amanda
AU - Neto, Félix
AU - Neto, Joana
AU - Neves, Angela Nogueira
AU - Ng, Siu Kuen
AU - Nithiya, Devi
AU - O, Jiaqing
AU - Obeid, Sahar
AU - Oda-Montecinos, Camila
AU - Olapegba, Peter Olamakinde
AU - Olonisakin, Tosin Tunrayo
AU - Omar, Salma Samir
AU - Örlygsdóttir, Brynja
AU - Özsoy, Emrah
AU - Otterbring, Tobias
AU - Pahl, Sabine
AU - Panasiti, Maria Serena
AU - Park, Yonguk
AU - Patwary, Muhammad Mainuddin
AU - Pethö, Tatiana
AU - Petrova, Nadezhda
AU - Pietschnig, Jakob
AU - Pourmahmoud, Sadaf
AU - Prabhu, Vishnunarayan Girishan
AU - Poštuvan, Vita
AU - Prokop, Pavol
AU - Ramseyer Winter, Virginia L.
AU - Razmus, Magdalena
AU - Ru, Taotao
AU - Rupar, Mirjana
AU - Sahlan, Reza N.
AU - Hassan, Mohammad Salah
AU - Šalov, Anđela
AU - Sapkota, Saphal
AU - Sarfo, Jacob Owusu
AU - Sawamiya, Yoko
AU - Schaefer, Katrin
AU - Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael
AU - Seekis, Veya
AU - Selvi, Kerim
AU - Sharifi, Mehdi
AU - Shrivastava, Anita
AU - Siddique, Rumana Ferdousi
AU - Sigurdsson, Valdimar
AU - Silkane, Vineta
AU - Šimunić, Ana
AU - Singh, Govind
AU - Slezáčková, Alena
AU - Sundgot-Borgen, Christine
AU - Hoor, Gill Ten
AU - Tevichapong, Passagorn
AU - Tipandjan, Arun
AU - Todd, Jennifer
AU - Togas, Constantinos
AU - Tonini, Fernando
AU - Tovar-Castro, Juan Camilo
AU - Jepsen Trangsrud, Lise Katrine
AU - Tripathi, Pankaj
AU - Tudorel, Otilia
AU - Tylka, Tracy L.
AU - Uyzbayeva, Anar
AU - Vally, Zahir
AU - Vanags, Edmunds
AU - Vega, Luis Diego
AU - Vicente-Arruebarrena, Aitor
AU - Vidal-Mollón, Jose
AU - Vilar, Roosevelt
AU - Villegas, Hyxia
AU - Vintilă, Mona
AU - Wallner, Christoph
AU - Whitebridge, Simon
AU - Windhager, Sonja
AU - Wong, Kah Yan
AU - Yau, Eric Kenson
AU - Yamamiya, Yuko
AU - Lan Yeung, Victoria Wai
AU - Zanetti, Marcelo Callegari
AU - Zawisza, Magdalena
AU - Zeeni, Nadine
AU - Zvaríková, Martina
AU - Stieger, Stefan
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The Authors
PY - 2024/11
Y1 - 2024/11
N2 - Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
AB - Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
KW - Connectedness to nature scale
KW - Cross-cultural
KW - Measurement invariance
KW - Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA)
KW - Nature exposure scale
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85204224528
U2 - 10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102432
DO - 10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102432
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85204224528
SN - 0272-4944
VL - 99
JO - Journal of Environmental Psychology
JF - Journal of Environmental Psychology
M1 - 102432
ER -